Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds FEMA 424
Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds FEMA 424
SCOPE
This publication is intended to provide design guidance for the protection of school buildings and their occupants against natural hazards, and concentrates on grade schools (K-12); the focus is on the design of new schools, but the repair, renovation, and extension of existing schools is also addressed. It is intended as the first of a series of publications in which hospitals, higher education buildings, multifamily dwellings, commercial buildings, and light industrial facilities will be addressed.
The focus of this publication is on the safety of school buildings and their occupants, and the economic losses and social disruption caused by building damage and destruction. The volume covers three main natural hazards that have the potential to result in unacceptable risk and loss: earthquakes, floods, and high winds. A companion volume, Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks (FEMA 428), covers the manmade hazards of physical, chemical, biological, and radiological attacks.
The intended audience for this manual includes design professionals and school officials involved in the technical and financial decisions of school construction, repair, and renovations. A short brochure based on this manual will also be available for school district and school board decision-makers.
ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF THE MANUAL
Chapter 1 opens with a brief outline of the past, present, and future of school design. Past school design is important because many of these older, and even historic, schools are still in use and their occupants must be protected.
Chapter 2 introduces the concepts of performance-based design in order to obtain required performance from a new or retrofitted facility. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of multihazard design and presents a general description and comparison of the hazards, including charts that show where design against each hazard interacts with design for other hazards. This latter section includes fire and building security in its considerations.
Chapters 4, 5, and 6 outline the steps necessary in the creation of design to address risk management concerns for protection against earthquakes, floods, and high winds, respectively. Information is presented on the nature of each hazard and its effect on vulnerability and consequences of building exposure. Procedures for risk assessment are outlined, followed by descriptions of current methods of reducing the effects of each hazard. These vary, depending on the hazard under consideration. A guide to the determination of acceptable risk and realistic performance objectives is followed by a discussion to establish the effectiveness of current codes to achieve acceptable performance.
Appendix A contains a list of acronyms that appear in this manual. The information presented in this publication provides a comprehensive survey of the methods and processes necessary to create a safe school, but is necessarily limited. It is not expected that the reader will be able to use the information directly to develop plans and specifications.
The information is intended to help designers and facility decision-makers, who may be unfamiliar with the concepts involved, to understand fundamental approaches to risk mitigation planning and design. By so doing, they can move on to the implementation phase of detailed planning, involving consultants, procurement personnel, and project administration, from a firm basis of understanding.
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| Description | Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds FEMA 424 SCOPE This publication is intended to provide design guidance for the protection of school buildings and their occupants against natural hazards, and concentrates on grade schools (K-12); the focus is on the design of new schools, but the repair, renovation, and extension of existing schools is also addressed. It is intended as the first of a series of publications in which hospitals, higher education buildings, multifamily dwellings, commercial buildings, and light industrial facilities will be addressed. The focus of this publication is on the safety of school buildings and their occupants, and the economic losses and social disruption caused by building damage and destruction. The volume covers three main natural hazards that have the potential to result in unacceptable risk and loss: earthquakes, floods, and high winds. A companion volume, Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks (FEMA 428), covers the manmade hazards of physical, chemical, biological, and radiological attacks. The intended audience for this manual includes design professionals and school officials involved in the technical and financial decisions of school construction, repair, and renovations. A short brochure based on this manual will also be available for school district and school board decision-makers. ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF THE MANUAL Chapter 1 opens with a brief outline of the past, present, and future of school design. Past school design is important because many of these older, and even historic, schools are still in use and their occupants must be protected. Chapter 2 introduces the concepts of performance-based design in order to obtain required performance from a new or retrofitted facility. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of multihazard design and presents a general description and comparison of the hazards, including charts that show where design against each hazard interacts with design for other hazards. This latter section includes fire and building security in its considerations. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 outline the steps necessary in the creation of design to address risk management concerns for protection against earthquakes, floods, and high winds, respectively. Information is presented on the nature of each hazard and its effect on vulnerability and consequences of building exposure. Procedures for risk assessment are outlined, followed by descriptions of current methods of reducing the effects of each hazard. These vary, depending on the hazard under consideration. A guide to the determination of acceptable risk and realistic performance objectives is followed by a discussion to establish the effectiveness of current codes to achieve acceptable performance. Appendix A contains a list of acronyms that appear in this manual. The information presented in this publication provides a comprehensive survey of the methods and processes necessary to create a safe school, but is necessarily limited. It is not expected that the reader will be able to use the information directly to develop plans and specifications. The information is intended to help designers and facility decision-makers, who may be unfamiliar with the concepts involved, to understand fundamental approaches to risk mitigation planning and design. By so doing, they can move on to the implementation phase of detailed planning, involving consultants, procurement personnel, and project administration, from a firm basis of understanding. |
